Indonesia is an agricultural country with a large portion of the population and the country's income depends on agricultural commodities, including plantations and livestock. In the plantation sector, various commodities are the backbone of the government in running its economy. Based on data from the Ministry of Agriculture, the value of plantation commodity exports in 2016 reached Rp 341.7 trillion or around 22% of total state revenue. That number increased in 2017 to Rp 432.4 trillion or around 26.5%. The economic growth is the contribution of eight main agricultural commodities, namely coconut, rubber, palm oil, tea, nutmeg, tobacco, cocoa and coffee. In 2017, coffee contributed IDR 15.89 trillion in revenue from the country's foreign exchange, while coffee contribution in the previous year was IDR 13.42 trillion. In other words, the contribution of coffee to foreign exchange in the last two years has increased by 17.8%.
World coffee producers (in thousands of 60 kg sacks)
Negara
|
Jenis kopi
|
2010/11
|
2011/12
|
2012/13
|
2013/14
|
2014/15
|
2015/16
|
2016/17
|
2017/18
|
Brazil
|
(A/R)
|
53,428
|
50,592
|
55,420
|
54,698
|
52,299
|
50,388
|
55,000
|
51,000
|
Vietnam
|
(R/A)
|
20,000
|
26,500
|
23,402
|
27,610
|
26,500
|
28,737
|
25,540
|
29,500
|
Colombia
|
(A)
|
8,523
|
7,652
|
9,927
|
12,163
|
13,339
|
14,009
|
14,634
|
14,000
|
Indonesia
|
(R/A)
|
9,129
|
10,644
|
11,519
|
11,265
|
11,418
|
12,317
|
11,491
|
12,000
|
Honduras
|
(A)
|
4,331
|
5,882
|
4,686
|
4,583
|
5,268
|
5,786
|
7,457
|
8,349
|
Ethiopia
|
(A)
|
7,500
|
6,798
|
6,233
|
6,427
|
6,575
|
6,714
|
7,297
|
7,650
|
India
|
(R/A)
|
5,033
|
5,233
|
5,303
|
5,075
|
5,450
|
5,800
|
5,200
|
5,840
|
Uganda
|
(R/A)
|
3,267
|
3,115
|
3,914
|
3,633
|
3,744
|
3,650
|
4,962
|
5,100
|
Peru
|
(A)
|
4,069
|
5,373
|
4,453
|
4,338
|
2,883
|
3,304
|
4,223
|
4,300
|
Mexico
|
(A)
|
4,001
|
4,561
|
4,327
|
3,916
|
3,591
|
2,903
|
3,781
|
4,000
|
Guatemala
|
(A/R)
|
3,950
|
3,850
|
3,763
|
3,189
|
3,310
|
3,410
|
3,684
|
3,800
|
Total
|
139,632
|
147,952
|
149,788
|
152,254
|
149,077
|
152,107
|
157,694
|
159,663
|
Source: International Coffee
Organization (ICO)
Robusta and Arabica coffee are the types of coffee that are mostly cultivated by farmers and planters. According to the Directorate General of Plantations (2017), total coffee production in 2016 amounted to 639,305 tons. Around 72.83% of the coffee production is Robusta coffee with the main production centers coming from the southern Sumatra region, such as Lampung and South Sumatra. The region contributes about 60% of national coffee production. While the remaining 27.17% is Arabica coffee production. Most coffee businesses in Indonesia are managed by smallholder plantations, so the contribution of smallholder plantations to total production is around 94.19%. Meanwhile, the contribution of state large estates (PBN) to total production was 3.1% and private large estates (PBS) amounted to 2.71%. The total area of exploitation of coffee plantations in 2016 was 1,180,556 hectares, with the largest management managed by community plantations of around 96.1%. There are 1,795,823 farmer households spread across almost all regions of Indonesia who depend on coffee plantations (Ditjenbun, 2017). This figure has not been added to the number of workers involved in the coffee industry which are generally located in urban areas. The area of coffee in state large estates (PBN) and private large estates (PBS) are 22,509 hectares (1.83%) and 25,447 hectares (2.07%), respectively. Thus, the contribution of household scale farmers to income from the coffee plantation sector is very significant.
Production and area of coffee cultivation in Indonesia in 2016
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